Jointly developed long-term AMoD implementation strategies for PTOs in North West Europe

The strategy provides PTOs with practical guidance and tools to enhance the accessibility, affordability and environmental performance of their services.

Getting Ready for the Future of Public Transport: A Strategy for Self-Driving Shuttles

What if a bus could drive itself, arrive only when needed, and offer passengers a flexible, reliable ride? This idea is becoming reality through Automated Mobility on Demand (AMoD). In North-West Europe, public transport operators (PTOs) are working together to prepare for this change. As part of the CAMINO project, a new long-term strategy shows how PTOs can start.

Let’s look at what the strategy says and why it matters.

Why PTOs Should Invest in AMoD

For PTOs, AMoD is more than just a tech upgrade — it’s a smart investment. Many bus lines are struggling with driver shortages and high labour costs. In fact, around 70% of operating costs go to staff. AMoD reduces this need by using self-driving shuttles, especially in low-density areas where regular buses are not efficient.

Also, cities are asking PTOs to become more innovative. Using AMoD early gives operators a competitive edge in future tenders and mobility planning.

What Needs to Be in Place?

Before launching AMoD, PTOs must work with many partners. In Belgium, for example, De Lijn works with:

  • Federal and regional governments (for laws and permits),

  • Local municipalities (to prepare streets and manage routes),

  • Safety experts and insurance providers (to test and approve vehicles).

This collaboration ensures the service is safe, legal, and ready for the public.

A Step-by-Step Implementation Strategy

The CAMINO guide suggests PTOs follow this strategy:

1. Build an AMoD Task Force

Set up a special team that includes experts in law, operations, digital tools, and insurance.

2. Choose Pilot Areas

Start in small, low-traffic zones that are easy to manage and where AMoD can add value.

3. Go Digital

Update backend systems so AVs can plan routes, communicate with users, and respond in real time.

4. Plan the Regulations

Work with governments to get clear rules for testing and launching AVs.

5. Prepare the Team

Train staff for new roles. Automation can be scary, but with training, it becomes an opportunity.

6. Evaluate and Improve

Use real-time data and feedback from users to improve services step by step.

What About the Costs?

AMoD can be expensive in the beginning. PTOs will need to:

  • Plan long-term investments in AVs and digital tools,

  • Create a “resilience fund” to manage risks (like delays or low ridership),

  • Apply for innovation funds from local or EU programs,

  • And adjust financial models to include software, data, and new insurance needs.

How to Know If It’s Working?

Success means:

  • AVs are safe and follow the law,

  • The service runs on time and meets user needs,

  • The technology fits with other transport options,

  • It’s affordable and scalable,

  • And passengers feel safe, satisfied and excited to use it.

Final Thoughts

For public transport operators, AMoD is more than just a new tool — it’s a chance to build a more flexible, efficient, and people-focused future. But it takes teamwork, long-term planning, and trust — not just in the tech, but in the people using it.

Deliverable: Jointly developed long-term AMoD implementation strategies for PTOs in North West Europe. Download via the pdf button below


PTA Budget and Resources Guide For AMoD Deployment
The guide is intended to help PTAs define, design and evaluate potential AMoD use cases. Based on a detailed analysis of the Almere Hout use case, it provides a broader overview of AMoD deployment scenarios. It considers service designs and local mobility needs, and provides practical advice on integrating AMoD into strategic plans.